Hattusa, the Hittite capital inscribed by UNESCO in 1986, reached its peak in the 14th–13th centuries BCE as a city of 50,000 with 6–8 km of walls; its cuneiform archive produced the Treaty of Kadesh (1259 BCE), the world’s oldest surviving peace treaty, a copy of which hangs in the United Nations in New York. The rock sanctuary of Yazılıkaya, 1 km from the main site, preserves 63 carved relief figures of Hittite gods in the most complete divine procession known from the ancient world.

The Ruins of Ani (UNESCO 2016), located in Kars Province, eastern Turkey, preserve the medieval Armenian Bagratid capital founded in 961 CE — a city of up to 200,000 inhabitants at its peak, centered on the Cathedral of Ani (989–1001 CE) designed by the architect Trdat, who also repaired the dome of Hagia Sophia after the earthquake of 989 CE; the city was abandoned definitively after Mongol sackings and the earthquake of 1319 CE.

The Old Town of Galle and its Fortifications (UNESCO 1988) is the best-preserved European colonial sea fortress in South and Southeast Asia — a 90-hectare Dutch VOC walled town built in coral and granite after 1640 CE, enclosing 14 bastions, 2.5 km of ramparts, and the intact 17th-century street grid including the Groote Kerk (1755 CE), the oldest Protestant church still standing in Sri Lanka.

The Ancient City of Polonnaruwa (UNESCO 1982) served as Sri Lanka’s second capital from 1017 CE, reaching its zenith under Parakrama Bahu I (1153–1186 CE) who built the 8 km² Parakrama Samudra reservoir and commissioned the Gal Vihara rock-cut Buddhas — four colossal figures carved from a single granite outcrop, including a 15-metre reclining parinirvana image that remains one of the masterworks of South Asian sculpture.

The Historic Mosque City of Bagerhat (UNESCO 1985) was founded around 1459 CE by Khan Jahan Ali as Khalifatabad in the Sundarbans delta of southwestern Bangladesh; its centrepiece, the Shat Gambuj Mosque, features 77 domes and 60 interior stone pillars, making it the largest medieval mosque in Bangladesh and a defining example of Bengali-Islamic brick architecture.

The Historic City of Ahmedabad (UNESCO 2017), founded in 1411 by Sultan Ahmad Shah I on the Sabarmati River in Gujarat, is India’s first UNESCO World Heritage City — a walled inner city of 600+ surviving pols (self-governing caste neighbourhood clusters), the 1424 Jama Masjid with 260 pillars, the 1573 Sidi Saiyyed Mosque with its celebrated Tree of Life stone lattice window, and the Sabarmati Ashram from which Gandhi departed on the Dandi Salt March on 12 March 1930.

The Dazu Rock Carvings (UNESCO 1999), located 165 km west of Chongqing in Dazu County, comprise 50,000+ stone statues and 100,000 inscribed characters across 75 sites, carved between the late Tang and Southern Song dynasties (9th–13th centuries CE) — the only Chinese site integrating Buddhist, Taoist and Confucian iconography in a single programmatic scheme, culminating in Baodingshan’s 31-niche Great Buddha Bay, supervised over 70 years by the monk Zhao Zhifeng (1159–1249).

Three Parallel Rivers is 207 km from Lijiang, Chengjiang 368 km. The nearest World Heritage sites, and what ICOMOS says of Lijiang’s water, bridges and earthquakes.

Champaner-Pavagadh Archaeological Park (UNESCO 2004) combines 239 monuments across 52 sq km in Gujarat: the 8th–14th century Hindu and Jain shrines on the 900m volcanic Pavagadh hill (with the active Kalika Mata Temple at its summit), and the abandoned 15th-century Gujarati Sultanate capital of Champaner — including the Jama Masjid (1523 CE, 172 pillars, 5 domes), the finest pre-Mughal mosque in India.

Babylon, on the Euphrates 85 km south of Baghdad, was the capital of Nebuchadnezzar II’s empire (605–562 BCE) — the site of the Ishtar Gate, the Processional Way, the Etemenanki ziggurat (“Tower of Babel”) and the supposed Hanging Gardens. Inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List and simultaneously placed on the Danger List in 2019, it was also where Alexander the Great died in 323 BCE. The original Ishtar Gate is in Berlin’s Pergamon Museum; the archaeological site is open near Hillah, Iraq.